As the development of Tianjin communications, particularly, Beining and later Jinpu railways were constructed from 1907 to 1912, the economic position of Tianjin increasingly became more important. Feudal bureaucrat, capitalists and imperialists established factories in succession and worked on import and export trade. Based on this, modern textile industry in Tianjin appeared and began to develop.

   Qing Guang Xu’s 25 years ago, Wu Mao Ding, a comprador of English-capital Shanghai bank, founded Tianjin machinery bureau and afterwards ruined in the incident of Yihetuan. During the period of Qing Guang Xu’s 29 years(1903), Zhou Xue Xi, a Tianjin local administrator at that time, had established in Tianjin Hebei technology bureau, of which he was a general manager, advocating “Going in for technology” and encouraging to set up factories. He was a founder of BeiYang industry. In 1904, he also established a factory attached to a school with 12 subjects of looms, dyeing, jacquard…etc provided in. From then a machine weaving industry came into being. After that,  tens of machine weaving factories were built up in Tianjin and its surrounding suburbs and counties, In 1915 a Hebei model cotton yarn factory  - Tianjin first machine spinning factory which was an official-run enterprise by Beiyang government and located in the west end of Zhou wei road was opened with a capacity of 1536 spindles and a capital of 150,000 silver dollars. And next year the capacity was expanded to 5000 spindles. In 1916 Zhang Rui Tin built up Hengyuan canvas Co.,Ltd  which later was merged with Hebei model spinning factory, named Hengyuan yarn spinning factory. It started to be put into production in 1920 with a capacity of 30,160 spindles and 299 looms. Zhou Xue Xi, after he had left the post of the chief of the financial ministry of Beiyang government, devoted himself to industry and was elected as the general manager, the chairman of the board of Xin Hua weaving and spinning stock company., Ltd. Tianjin Hua Xin spinning mill was built up in 1918(afterwards 3 spinning mills were founded respectively in QingDao, Tangshan and Weihui). Yuyuan,Yuda, Beiyang and Baocheng… spinning mills were established in succession from 1918 to 1922. The above six spinning mills had 236,072 spindles and 760 looms altogether. There were 87 only weaving factories with 1,821 looms in all in Tianjin area. Up to then, Tianjin really became a center of modern cotton spinning and weaving industry of the north of China. But till 1930 there was no change of cotton spinning spindles, but weaving industry still continued to develop.

  1.2.2 Modern weaving and dyeing industry in Tianjin

  Those incorporating yarn-dyed weaving, grey yarn weaving, cotton weaving, knitting, yarn dyeing, cloth dyeing…etc were all called dyeing and weaving industry. They developed at the initial stage as imported yarn, cloth processing industry. In 1904, government-assisted and businessman-run Tianjin weaving/dyeing and sewing company was set up. In 1904 there was Yizhang weaving factory, weaving sofa cloth and later changing to canvas making. And at the same year Zhang Xiang Dong and Zhao Zeng Qing run Yuhua weaving and dyeing company, producing plain and colored cloth. At that time its cloth and those produced by Zhen Xin weaving and dyeing factory, Tianjin industry factory and Lixing cheng ji weaving/dyeing factory were called “Patriotic Cloth”. The My 4^th movement sprang up in 1919, completely resisting Japanese goods. Supply of “Patriotic Cloth” fell short of demand, so promoting weaving industry to develop very fast. Till 1929, there were 328 weaving factories with a capacity of 4805 looms, a total number of 7837 workers and staff and a capital of 685,980 Yuan, those which produced silk, silk/linen and artificial filament and cotton-rayon fabrics accounted for 77.7% of the total number of factories, In 1930 weaving industry was stricken due to the invasion of foreign goods, over half of them were bankrupt or shut down.

  Modern Tianjin dyeing and finishing industry began with Hualong Yiyi dyeing factory constructed by Chao Dian Huan. After that, 4 hand-operated dyeing workshops like Dong Jun He, Rong Xing Rong Ji, Yi He Tai He Ji and Hua Guang strived to be the first and feared to lag behind in copying machines and transformed them into dyeing and finishing factories. The out-of-date dyeing workshops were gradually eliminated. Their products were sold to North Chian, the northeast and the northwest.

  Modern Tianjin socks industry began in 1929 when the first socks factory was constructed by Kuo You Heng, something like a household workshop. At the initial stage, it had only a hand reeling socks machine and then production was expanded with 7 auto-socks machines and 5 non-power hand-operated knitting machines built in. Products varies as seasons changed. In 1926 stores were provided to extend its scope of operation, being famous in North China. Then, Yishen, Jui Hua Shun and Zhong hua socks factories were built up one after another. Till 1929, there were 154 knitting factories of the whole city, of which were 150 socks knitting factories and 4 knitting and sewing factories with a total capacity of 1,581 knitting machines and 1,610 workers and staff. Most of them were featured with an handcraft industry. Their annual production was 254,186 dozens of socks, 6,060 dozens of vests, 17,780 dozens of gloves, 4,885 dozens of sweaters, 1,360 dozens of shirts, 4,137 dozens of scarf, 5,040 dozens of hats and 2,330 dozens of wool trousers. The raw material relied on imported cotton and man-made filament. Factories with a capital of 1,000 Yuan or below accounted for 82%, whereas those with a number of 20 workers or below for 87.7%. The first machine knitting and sewing factory was constructed by Gao Rui Wu in 1930, that is, Rong Chang knitting and sewing workshop with only two flat-pan sewing machines provided, bought knitting raw material for self-sewing and self-sales. The first weft knitting factory – An English owned Dao Cheng knitting factory – was built up in 1931 with 5 single-sided interlock knitting machines.

  1.2.3 Modern reproducing industry in Tianjin

  Those include yarn ribbon, yarn blankets, towels…etc were changed from a handcraft operation to power-driven production. Ribbon weaving began in 1910. There were civil belts produced by Man-power wood machines. From 1927 there were power-driven bobbin yarn and ball yarn factories. The earliest production of yarn blankets in 1916 was in Sheng Sheng factory that was set up by three people of Xing Yuan Ting…etc by way of raising fund and equipped with non-power equipment. And afterwards 21 power-driven weaving machines and 28 wide jacquard machines appeared. Towels factories showed themselves in 1919. The earliest production of towels by using power-driven weaving machines was in Lu Li Fu. Li He fabrics stock company., Ltd constructed by Shi He Qing started production in 1921. Till 1931, there were two yarn blanket factories, 19 towels makers and 157 ribbon weaving producers with 1,400 employees.

  1.2.4 Modern wool industry in Tianjin

  In 1899 WuDing constyructed a wool weaving bureau with a capital of 25,000 Liang of silver to produce worsted fabric for military uniforms. In 1923 the English merchants’ HaiJing foreign firm set up a woolen worsted mill with two parts of spinning and dyeing. In 1935 the English merchants handed over spinning and dyeing departments to Wu Zhong Jie and Cheng Shi Jin of Tianjin(The dyeing mill was changed into Huo Chang dyeing  factory later). After Wu Zhong Jie took over it, the spinning mill was named Haitong wool spinning mill equipped with 20 looms and 1 3-point suction comber. It manufactured carpet yarn at the beginning and afterwards also produced woolen zigzag twills. Renli woolen worsted mill was established in 1931 and Dongya wool spinning stock company., Ltd was put into production in 1923. From then the modern wool spinning industry in Tianjin began to be formed.

  In the early days silk weaving industry was connected together with weaving and dyeing industry. In 1904 the weaving section of Hebei factory attached to a school used to be engaged in producing mulberry silk fabric, like ”foreign crepe” and tested “You Chan Yan”(A kind of satin dyed with flower/birds, grass/trees and mountain/water). Its products were well sold. Only in 1912, the first silk weaving factory – Tianjin Rong Sheng Gong Chen weaving and dyeing factory – appeared. It was provided with 28 power-driven silk weaving machines and over 40 workers. Its main product was silk satin and less quantity of mulberry silk interwoven satin. After that, set up were Yuhua, Daxin(Later turned into a Chinese industry company) and Yizhang silk weaving factories. They had an average capacity of about 30 silk weaving machines. From 1921 to 1830 appeared more than ten silk weaving factories, such as “Liyuan Heng”, “Rong Shen Giong Ji”, “Shen Shen”,”LiLi”, “Da De Lun”, “Xing Ye He Ji”, “Hua Xing”. “Guang Shen”…etc. The total of looms reached up to 300 sets and 300 workers or more worked in these factories. Therefore the modern silk weaving industry was established.
 
  To sum up, on the basis of importing foreign equipment and production technology, till the eve of Sep. 18^th Incident of 1931, Tianjjin already established a modern textile industial base incorporating cotton, wool, silk, printing and dyeing, knitting and reproduction subsectors. Just owing to the development of cotton spinning industry, imported cotton yarn was gradually substituted. From 1918 when the first world war ended to 1931, the imported cotton yarn in Tianjin dropped down from 315,000 Tan of an annual average to Zero.

  1.2.5 Change during the period of Japanese invasion against China(From September 1931 to 1945)

  After “Sep.18^th incident, three provinces of the northeast were occupied. The sales of Tianjin textile products abruptly fell in the northeast market. Cotton yarn dropped down from 23 million Yuan in 1931 to 5 million Yuan in 1934. Cotton cloth fell from 12 millions to 7 millions. After the puppet east Hebei government was founded and with the connivance of the Guo Min Dang government, Japanese smuggled goods in Tianjin market were very rampant. To take man-made filament for example, there were 89,724 boxes(about over 20,000 pcs) only in 1936. At the same year, Tianjin had only 49,000 pcs of cotton yarn production. On Tianjin textiles market Japanese goods took up 65 %, whereas Tianjin local products only 17%.

  There were 6 cotton spinning mills and earning profit in years at the initial stage of founding the factories, but few of them used their profit to expand their production. Most of the profit was shared in the name of an official profit and a bonus. 6 mills were constructed with capitals borrowed from Japan and America. Due to an improper management, a desolate market, heavy taxes and being heavily in debt, they were annexed by bureaucrat and Japanese capitals successively. Both HengYuan and Beiyang were taken over by Chen Fu trust company featured by bureaucrat capital respectively in 1925 and 1936. Yu Da and Bao Cheng yarn mills were sold in 1933 and 1925 to Dafu company – a - combination of Nippon company and ITOCHU corporation (Also called Tianjin cotton yarn mill). Yuyuan and Huo Xin yarn mills were also sold in 1936 to Japanese capitala’s spinning company, respectively named Gong Da No. 6 and No.7.

  After July 7^th Incident in 1937,Tianjin was occupied. Four cotton spinning mills – Yufun, Shanghai, Shuangxi, Da Kan – were constructed with Japanese capitals in Tianjin. Da kan spinning mill was later changed to An He Tian factory Including Da Sheng thread producing factory opening in 1932, there were 3400 spinning spindles. After Chu Mou Su was the director of Beiyang spinning mill, the spindles were increased up to12,544 pcs due to an improvement of management. It used to be thriving during the period of 1936 to 1940. Till 1940 the spinning spindles reached the top, that is, 556,000 pcs with 20,198 looms. Except for several Chinese-run factories like Hengyuan, Beiyang, Da shen…etc 86.33% of the spinning spindles of the whole city were in the hand of Japanese capitalists. At the end of anti-Japanese war, because of the rare resources of Japanese army, cotton yarn and cloth were controlled from 1940. In 1942, nearly one third of cotton spinning spindles were pulled down for “denoting Iron” for military use. Supply of raw cotton in North China was also cut off. Some factories turned to produce “ancient cotton yarn”(old cotton fiber yarn) and reproduced cloth. Part of buildings of Gong Da No.6 was for producing arms and ammunitions for Japanese army. Tianjin cotton spinning mill planned to produce spirit. On the eve of Japanese surrender, only 395,000 spinning spindles and 19,776 looms were left. Japanese capital’s Shuangxi, Dakan and Gong Da No.7 all completely shut down. Yufang, Shanghai, Tianjin and Gong Da No.6 also almost stopped running. Chinese-run Hengyuan, Beiyang and Dashen spinning mills were also in a stop or half –stop condition.

   After “July 7^th Incident” in 1937, Capitals from the northeast invaded into Tianjin. Therefore investment was contributed in some small dyeing and finishing factories. 28 dyeing and finishing factories were newly constructed at that time. They were: Yida, Tianjing, Dahua Xingji, Nixing, Taishuan, Tainzengyong, Dagong, Tian yixingji, Juxing, Huiyuan, Xinfen, Changxingcheng, Xintai, Changshunhe, Daxing, Yuchang, Taihe, Tiabncheng, Yongmao, Yihua, Yichang, Yonglixiangfuji, Hujuhe, Tianhe, Tianshenghu, Xinhua, Keun, Yongxingrongji, together with original factories, totaling 41 factories. According to the statistics from among 39 factories, Main equipment were: 300 pairs of dyeing troughs, 42 stenters, 63 drying machines, 38 mercerizing machines, 1830 HP of motors and 45 boilers. 7 dyeing and finishing factories were provided with bleaching production equipment. Tianjin dyeing and weaving factory was  the biggest. Apart from best and latest dyeing and finishing equipment, it was equipped with 54 looms, being able to make self-weaving and self-dyeing available. It used to have 2200 workers and staff. It could produce 700 Pi of various colored cloth a day.

   Besides, Japanese dyeing company’s store set up a Tianjin workshop of the dyeing company. All equipment and machinery were old Japanese made ones, including 2 rotary printing machines and bleaching, impregnating, raising and engraving machines. There were 126 persons. This factory was the beginning of modern printing equipment’s appearance in Tianjin.

   Relying on the advantage of the advanced printing and dyeing equipment owned by Tianjin workshop of the dyeing company, The colored and printed cloth of Brand “3 horse heads” were well sold in all parts of north China. Later production of military cloth was added and buildings were constructed in 1942, equipped additionally with 40 dyeing tanks and 4 raising machines. Production was extended. .Gong Da No.7 had its additional dyeing house because of bringing in old printing and dyeing equipment from Japan, but  the equipment were not completely installed, then Japan surrendered.

   During the periods of Japanese domination and the puppet government, Tianjin dyeing and finishing industry was seasonally produced. In Summer it was in a stop and half-stop production and its peak period was in Autumn and Winter. Main products were indanthrene cloth, naphthol and sulfur dyed fabrics. Most of them were inferior in quality. And at the same time, due to the requirement of Japanese aggressive war against China, a ration system towards cotton cloth was practised from May,1940. Grey cloth all mills needed was supplied by North China fiber association, Tianjin branch, so production was not sufficient plus a shortage of fund, causing production to be maintained in a rather difficult way. Before Japanese surrendered, four dyeing factories – Tianhe, Changshehe, Yichan and Xingtai – were forced to make others. Nine factories – Changxing, Fuming, Dahua and Uyihua …etc were forced to be sold. 4 factories dismantled their machines for paying their debt back. And others were on their last legs.

   Knitting industry continued to develop from 1931 to 1937. Guangdao knitting factory was handed over to a Chinese businessman Zhangdanzai for operation. And the knitting machines increased to 61 sets in 1937, producing 39,000 pcs a year. During this period Shenshen, Deji and Rongchang knitting factories were put into production in succession. Knitting sewing and socks industries also increased their production. Before 1937, Rongchang knitting workshop was also additionally equipped with one rib knitting machine and 2 interlock knitting machines for self-production of raw material, and this factory bought one raising machine for raising processing, used to be called “a king for raising” Socks factories were rather more developed . Most of their products were sold to all places of the northwest, even to Xingjiang, taking up 60% of the total production. And the other were sold to Hebei, Henan, Shandong…etc. Lihe fabric stock company., Ltd of weaving and dyeing industry increased its capital from 20,000 silver dollars in 1933 to 100,000 silver dollars and by 1937 continued to further develop by importing 12 Japan Toyota looms, 8 jacquard and single towels machines. Products of “Brand 4 golden thread” towels, towels sheets, thread blankets and printed bed sheets were sold to Hong Kong, Macao and the southeast Asia. After “July 7^th Incident in 1937, even though yarn and cloth raw material were controlled, knitting factories were forced to stop production and shut down, but Japanese merchants established Wansun, Moudaxiao, Sanhe, Zhaohe, Zhaokang, Hongyou …etc knitting factories. Knitting sewing industry ran on its operation and sold its products far away, or boarded raw material for speculation. Socks factories, under the control of raw material, landed in a predicament in confronting the competition from Japanese merchant-run Bantian, Hengsheng…etc. Many factories were annexed by Japanese capitalists. Only Japanese capital’s Hengsheng expanded into a big knitting factory having 500 socks knitting machines. At the later stage of Japanese domination,  as man-made filament was less controlled by Japanese (The percentage of man-made filament for military use was only 26.7 %), there were still 4 knitting factories which used artificial filament as their main material, but cotton spinning industry was in depression and Lihe fabrics company was also forced to close down in 1944.

   Wool industry also developed from 1931 to 1937. Renli woolen worsted mill formally produced wool yarn in 19321 and woven wool fabric. Dongya wool spinning factory had 900 spinning spindles. It had only no more than 4000 to 5000 pounds at the initial stage of putting into production, Later this factory, by way of resisting foreign goods and meeting the patriotic sentiment of the people, created wool thread of Brand “Diyang”,  which was well sold in domestic market, becoming a biggest wool thread factory run by a Chinese and its capital increased from 230,000 Yuan in 1932 to 1 million Yuan in 1936. After 1937, Japan controlled 60 % of wool material at the beginning for military purpose and later 94.6 %. Simultaneously it forced to purchase wool fabrics at a low price. Therefore wool textile industry began to decline. Both Dongya and Renli relying on processing military supplies for Japanese army could keep their production. And at that time, Two wool spinning mills were built up with Japanese capitals. One was Tianjin No.1 workshop of Manmeng wool spinning and weaving company, which had a test run in 1938 and its operation was postponed due to flood to 1940 for a normal production. Its products were military cotton and wool blankets and soldiers’ fabrics composed of warp with cotton and weft with wool. The another was Taixing weaving factory, starting production in 1938 and using waste for cotton blankets. Its business activity was not prosperous. In 1941 Gongda No.7 was additionally provided with wool weaving section. And the following year dyeing /finishing machinery and hat-making machines were brought in from Japan for test-fabrication of wool threads, wool blankets, wool fabrics and hats that go with formal dress. A big part of machines was destroyed in a fire in July,1945.

   In 1940 Dongya wool spinning and weaving factory imported one set of linen spinning and weaving equipment from Shanghai, thus creating a beginning of modern linen industry in Tianjin. In 1941 Japan constructed an additional linen workshop in Shanghai yarn spinning mill. The production capacity of both factories were 5-6 million pcs of linen bags. According to Dongya’s data, 44% of the raw linen was imported from India. Therefore the raw material was not sufficient and at the later stage, the annual production was only 6000pcs.

   The development period of ilk industry was from 1931 to 1940. Over 100 silk factories were in operation, with a total capacity of 2,000 machines(Including 50 % them were made of wood) and more than 2,000 workers and staff. Products reached 30 varieties, such famous products as Tianlian satin, Yanlaikong, Satin back crepe, Yusha, Spring satin, Georgette, Pattern soft satin…etc. And the quality also reached a high level. In 1938 satins sold from Tianjin to the outside were 568 Pi(40yards of rayon satin per Pi and 30 yards a Pi for pure silk satin), converting to 19 million meters. Except that 40 % should be returned back, over 90 % of 10 million meters produced in Tianjin were all made of rayon filament and cotton yarn and very rare mulberry silk of which its consumption was only 4 tons in 1936, accounting for 0.75%.Big amount of rayon was imported from Japan in place of Italia and Germany. This was the important reason why silk industry developed. As silk industry developed, supporting jacquards, warpers, winding machines, pirn winders…etc were also manufactured by Maoye, Xingchang, Dazhongguang…etc factories. Accompanying machine parts and fittings, repair firms and factories were set up in succession. At that time, silk industry in Tianjin was already formed on a certain scale. But after 1940 and till 1945, under the suppression of Japanese aggressive force, silk industry was at standstill. And during this period fast developed was Yitaisheng factory transformed from a Japanese merchant Ojing’s foreign firm in 1937. It had purchased 40 sets of old looms and pre-preparation equipment from Japan to produce mainly rayon satins, which was sold in 1939 to a Chinese Zhangyushen. In 1942 Zhang together with several Japanese merchants regrouped this factory into Dongshen factory stock company., Ltd, which was again equipped with 62 sets of silk weaving machines, so becoming the biggest silk weaving factory in Tianjin, which produced 2,400 yards of satin a day, equaling to 2194 meters. Besides, Meiya silk weaving factory moving from Shanghai had 40 weaving machines and 80 workers. Its main products were Yanlanhong and satin back crepe.

   During this period of Japanese aggression against China from Sep.1931 to 1945, Japan invaded our northeast and north China too. The whole Tianjin city (including leased territory) fell on Dec. 8, 1941. With the Japanese capital output accompanied by Japanese military invasion, on the one hand some original national textile industries were gobbled up and on the other, the scope of textile industry was extended to a certain degree and newly –constructed textile factories came up. So, at the beginning, textile industry developed and at the later stage its production shrank because of a long period of Japanese aggression against China and rare raw resources.
  

  1.2.6 After the victory of anti-Japanese war (From 1945 to 1949)

   Japan was defeated and surrendered in 1945. The Guo Min Dang government took over the Japanese textile enterprises in Tianjin, grouping China textile construction corporation, Tianjin branch, to which 7 textile enterprises were subordinate, i.e. China textile mill No.1(The former Yufeng cotton spinning mill), China textile mill No.2(The former Gongda No.6), China textile mill No3(The former Tianjin cotton spinning mill), China textile mill No.4(The former Shanghai factory), China textile mill No.5(The former Shuangxi factory) and China textile mill No.6(The former Dakang factory), No.7 China textile mill ( The former Gongda No.7).

   Besides, the Guo Min Dang government also took over 3 enterprises, i.e. wool weaving factory(The former Manmeng wool company’s Tianajin workshop No.1) the knitting factory(The former Hengchang and Wansun knitting factories) and dyeing/finishing factory(The former dyeing company.’s Tianjin workshop).

   The earliest textile machinery and appliance industry in Tianjin originated from the iron works run by Guo Tian Chen in 1907 and Chunfatai’s iron works was established in 1910. AT the beginning, loom parts were manufactured for Japanese merchants and Japanese type looms were copied. Later they developed and were equipped with 40 lathes and over 200 workers, specially producing looms and baling presses. In the thirties, a number of other iron works such as Jioxing, Dehe, Dalai…etc were founded to produce looms. Some also made equipment for dyeing factories, but their production capacity was limited. Textile appliance industry originated in the early twenties, they were all handcraft workshops. Xuri, Fuyuang, Dahe ironworks…etc were also set up with Japanese capitals to produce textile machinery and appliance. Their main products were wood –made man-operated looms before the twenties, steel power –driven looms were made until 1925. In the thirties, well-conditioned Japanese capital’s factories produced only some machine partrs or fittings. After japanese surrender in 1945, in order to restore production and repair machinery, China textile corporation Tiajin branch established Tianjin No.1 machinery factory, which was composed of and regrouped from 8 iron works of Ahanagyan, Shaohe, Fuyuang, Dahe, Qianbao, Daxingxin, Anyan and Shaltong in Beiping and Tianjin which were all taken over by the corporation, and brought in wood bobbin and shuttle producing machines,  so becoming the starting point of modern machinery industry in Tianjin. Six months after Tianjin No.1 machinery started its operation, all spinning frames and looms of various CTC mills for repair were completely repaired, thus all machinery gave full production in time. Except for supplying spinning mills with machinery parts and tubes/shuttles, 64 dyeing troughs, 50 auto-reeling machines, 4 trial-fabricated auto-looms were produced in this factory. After the liberation of Tianjin in 1949, its name was changed to be the machinery factory of China textile Construction Corporation, called China textile machinery factory for short. It took only one year to finish repairing all machinery of the former No.7 China textile mill and a concentrated effort was made to equip the third spinning sub-mill of Tianjin No.2 cotton mill(the former No.2 China textile mill) with 10,000 spindles and at the same time produced 370 auto-looms.

   China textile Construction Corporation Tianjin branch was of bureaucrat capital under the jurisdiction of the economic ministry of the Guo Min Dang government. It monopolized the production and the sales of cotton textiles. And simultaneously also monopolized purchasing raw material and the import of foreign cloth. China textile Tianjin branch had cotton collection organs provided in Beiping, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Tanshan, Baoding, Langfuang and Yangluqingzheng, to which the cotton-collecting stations were subordinate. Each cotton collecting station was in connection with 4 to 8 private agents, so forming a cotton collection monopolizing net within the raw cotton markets in North China. In the field of product sales, it was to connect itself with yarn/cotton shops via special operations sales organs and hung out its shingle for selling products. At that time, there were more than 300 yarn/cloth shops in Tianjin(among them two third of them were “inside shops” i.e. speculation organs). Over 1,000 shops were direct linked with China textile Tianjin branch in 1946, 1470 shops in 1947 and more than 1500 shops in 1948, 1,809,067 Pi of cloth were sold to yarn/cloth shops in 1947, taking up more than 50 % the total production.

   Though China textile branch monopolized raw cotton collection in North China area, mostly it still relied on importing American cotton. In 1946, large amount of American cotton was imported, so various mills of China textile corporation restored their production and gradually went on a normal production way. There were a total number of 398,000 spindles with 9,100 looms for producing 124,000 pcs of yarn and 4,849,000 Pi of cloth if spindles in Hengyuang, Beiyang and Dashen were added in. Including those of single-weaving factories, looms should come to 17,324 sets. But till 1940 the Guo Min Dang government collapsed in military and political fields and its economy was irremidiable, so import of American cotton and state cotton collection were cut off. Production could be maintained only for these days. On the eve of liberation, the stock of raw cotton was only 44,000 Dan left, maintaining production for 10 days. The situation of private enterprises was even worse. In 1947 12% of the total spindles was at stand still and production was only two third of that in 1933. Only 60 % of single-weaving factories were in operation.

  After the liberation of Tianjin in 1949, the original China textile mills No.1 to No.6 were changed to Tianjin cotton spinning mills No.1 to No.6. part of buildings and equipment of China textile mill No.7 were destroyed in the war. The fire-scorched machines, after being repaired, were called in to Cotton Spinning Mill No.2 and No.4. And this factory was changed to Tianjin printing and dyeing factory. At the end of 1949 6 state-owned factories and private ones in Tianjin had a total number of 369,000 spindles, placing the fourth in all provinces and cities of China. Printing and dyeing industry used to be under development during this period. 14 factories were newly constructed from 1946 ro 1949. They were Honda, Defeng, Bohai, Yuyuang, Hebei, Ruikang, Dongda, Fungdaxingji, Jingxing, ruifeng, tongqing, Donghe, Ruiyuang, Xinyuang, together with original private factories, 48 factories in all, equipped with 665 dyeing troughs, 80 drying machines, 39 stenters, 55 mercerizing machines and 27 calenders. The dyeing workshop of China textile mill No.3 subordinate to China textile corporation had 36 dyeing troughs, 5 drying machines, 2 tenters and 1 scouring kier. The dyeing Workshop of China textile mill No.7 had 4 printing machines(1 for 8 colors, 2 for 4 colors and 1 for 1 color), 62 dyeing troughs, 6 drying machines, 6 stenters, 2 mercerizing machines and 7 scouring kiers. The Tianjin workshop of Japanese capital’s dyeing company was taken over by the Guo Min Dang government and changed to be a workshop directly under Tianjin dyeing and finishing factory of Tianjin  clothing factory to produce military cloth with a daily production of 1,000 to 2,000 Pi of grass green cloth , 134 bundles of grass green and grey military threads, 300 Pi of printed cloth. China textile mill No.3 and No.6 were provided with dyeing workshops and produced all colored and bleached cloth. No.7 also produced Annilinyuanqing cloth and printed cloth. In 1947 the average production of the two factories/month was 15,241 Pi and 30,055 Pi  in 1948. As influenced by the war, private factories had an extreme shortage of raw material. The Guao Min Dang government took an attitude of limiting their production and a policy of increasing their tax. Grey cloth all factories needed were distributed centrally by China textile corporation, only over ten pcs a month for each factory, not enough for only one day to consume. In the early 1948, not half of factories could start production without difficulty. Till the eve of the liberation of Tianjin, private factories were only 46 left and most of them were at standstill. The workshop directly under Tianjin dyeing and finishing factory and China textile mill No.4 were destroyed in gunfire in liberating Tianjin.

  Though weaving and knotting industries restored their production more or less after the victory of anti-Japanese war, as a result of communication cut-off between cites and rural area, American goods impact on market, inflation and fast going-up prices, many small factories were forced to shut down. According to the investigation made by Communication Bank, Tianjin branch after liberation, so far as cotton spinning, printing and dyeing and knitting industries are concerned, there were 1,293 private factories  and 1,387 people, i.e. 9 people for each factory. Power-operated machines were used in 1,070 factories with 9,117 people. It could be seen that most of them belonged to a handcraft production.

  Weaving industry includes yarn-colored weaving and daily-use cotton textile, man-operated machines were mostly used, taking up two third of the total and there were still many old wood machines. Sizing was made mostly by using vat/trough and through hand squeezing, stick agitation and drying in the sun. Work was stopped in rain season. Although Lihe had constructed its factory with a history of over 20 years, more than 40 % of products were still produced by man-operated or power driven machines.

  Till the eve of the liberation in 1949, Knitting family had 178 factories with 1,377 people, 14 knitting with 252 people, 157 for socks making with 1,074 people and 7 for sewing with 51 people. Most of factories were at standstill or in a half- production or a stop condition and more factories could produce knitted fabrics with small cylinders and flat machines. Five sixth in socks industry still used hand-operated machines.

   Wool industry was also in a difficult condition. Only three factories  - Renli, Dongya and Tianjin wool weaving factory – had 1,600 workers and 11,844 wool spinning spindles. Production value was 11.166 million yuan. The main products were 4 varieties – wool fabrics, wool thread, wool blankets and industrial-use wool fabric.

   Linen spinning industry had Dongya and China textile mill No.4 . They were all provided with 1,830 spindles and 129 sets of weaving machines. An annual production was 1,646,657 pcs of linen bags.

   Dongshen factory of silk industry was also taken over by China textile Tainjin branch and changed to be China textile Tianjin silk weaving factory to produce man-made filament satin back crepe. In March, 1948 “Tianjin Silk Industrial Subsector’s Association” was organized by 41 private silk weaving factories in Tianajin. Member factories had over 1,310 silk weaving machines. In additin, more than 10 factories not joining the association had over ten silk weaving machines and more than 30 factories less than 10 machines. At that time Dongshen factory had 70 machines with 120 people. There were nearly 100 silk weaving factories of the whole city, 2,200 silk weaving machines and 3,000 people. Among them over 50 factories were a bit larger with more than1,500 silk weaving machines(Including power-driven jacquard machines) and 2,200 workers. The production was1.20 million meters a month.

   From 1945 to 1949, the Guo Min Dang government took over Japanese textile enterprises in Tianjin. To restore yarn and cloth production, textile machinery manufacturing industry was constructed. And later it was busy with the civil war, not only Tianjin textile industry didn’t develop, but deteriorated furthermore. As it had a better foundation from its origin, it still was an important textile industrial base in coastal area of north China.

  1.3. Features of modern Tianjin textile industrial development

  The establishment and development of modern Tianjin textile industrial base lie in:

  1.3.1. Tianjin has an excellent natural environment. It is an economic center of the north China, the northeast and the northwest areas of our country and an international commercial harbor. In history it was a door of the capital of Qing dynasty. It is located at the communication pivot of the north and south and close to the vast hinterland of north China. After the door is open to the outside, it has received the influence from outside very fast. It is also an important market for textile raw material and for foreign and domestic trade of textile products.
   

  1.3.3. Tianjin textile industry has a long history, so it laid a certain physical foundation in breeding a number of technical force and accumulating richer production experience. In order to repair equipment, China textile corporation founded textile machinery industry and opened technical training courses to foster technical personnel. Under numerous suppressions by imperialism and feudal bureaucrat, private textile enterprises studied technique intensively to develop production. In particular, weaving and dyeing, reproduction and wool enterprises made a certain achievement in history. Towels, towel sheets, thread blankets and printed bed sheet of Brand “4-Golden Coin” produced by Lihe Fabric stock Co., Ltd, were exported to Hong Kong, Macao and countries in Southeast Asia. Thread blankets of Brand ’Twins’ produced by Shenshen factory were welcome by people in urban and rural areas. “Patriotic Cloth” of yuhua weaving and dyeing company and wool thread of Brand “Diyan” produced by Dongya wool spinning factory used to be fashionable for a time in north China and many places of our country.

   After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, by summing up the operation experience of textile workers, “Mayday Weaving Method” embodied the operation experience of Tianjin textile workers.

2.Present Tianjin textile industry

 2.1. Fully develop the function of the old Tianjin textile base, speed up renewal transformation, increase equipment level and extend production scale.
 
  After the founding of the people’s republic of China, Tianjin textile industry has gone through three development periods: Rehabilitation period(From 1949 to 1952), development production period(From 1952 to 1978) and adjustment/reform period(From 19798 till now).

  During the rehabilitation period, Tianjin Municipal Government transformed bureaucrat capitals’ cotton spinning mills, textile machinery factories, knitting factories, wool weaving factories…etc , totaling 14 enterprises into state-owned enterprises, becoming the key enterprises of Tianjin textile industry. At the time of fast rehabilitating production, a transformation of old left equipment was made, so improving production and working condition. At the end of 1952, there was a total number of 84,539 people and industrial production value reached up to 735.86 million Yuan, realizing a profit of 92.10 million Yuan, 8.6 times of that in 1949.

  During the period of production development, in 1956 Tianjin textile industry successfully finished its socialist reform, over 2000 private factories and handcraft workshops were merged and reorganized into 140 factories, enabling production capacity to be further liberated. At the end of 1956 industrial production value was 1,191,000,000 Yuan, increasing by three times. In the fifties, based on production value and economic result, Tianjin textile industry was placed the third among textile industries. At that time it was called ’Shang(Shanghai), Qing(Qingdao), Tian(Tianjin)’.During the period of the following  4 “Five-Year Plans”, considering that cloth weaving of cotton spinning subsector was larger than yarn spinning in respect of the capacity, in adding more spinning spindles, new equipment and technique were utilized and flat spindles transformed into high-speed rolling bearing spindles, allowing the level of unit production to increase swiftly. 5 factories of printing and dyeing subsector were reformed, so extending the ability to print/dye and after-finish cotton/polyester fabrics. Nearly 300,000 square meters of production buildings were rebuilt for cotton spinning, wool spinning, knitting, printing and dyeing subsector and 3000 or more sets of equipment renewed. At the end of 1978, there were 526,000 cotton spinning spindles and 12,400 cotton looms, enabling production capacity and level to increase greatly.

  During the period of reform and adjustment, particularly after the Third Plenary Meeting of the 11^th Party’s Conference and as the focal point of the work of the whole party was transferred, the proportion of agriculture, light and heavy industries was adjusted and a principle of “Six Preferences’ towards light and textile industries was executed. During ‘the Sixth Five-Year Plan’ period, the government made an investment of 1,117,900,000 yuan, of which 158,000,000 yuan for basic constrruction and 1,021,000,000 yuan for importing equipment and technical reform. At the same time, 52 enterprises were called in from outside systems, altogether over 17,000 people. 7 new cotton spinning and weaving mills and huaxin, Ahenghua, liulin and Xingan, …etc totaling 14 wool factories were constructed in the suburbs and the five counties, During the period of 7^th Five-Year Plan, in the spirit of ‘Consolidation and Increase’, stress was placed on digesting of imported projects and making the production available by technical reform project. Investment result was continuously achieved due to 89 technical import and reform projects. After they are put into production, the industrial value increased by 600,000,000 Yuan, tax by 90,000,000 Yuan, foreign exchange for export by 17,000,000 Yuan. At the end of the Seventh Five-Year Plan, Tianjin textile had 0.91 cotton spinning million spindles and wool spinning spindles. In the nineties, According to the requirement of market economy, an organization of a group was put into consideration and a strategy of famous brands executed, so strengthening the dynamics of technical reform. An investment of 1,030,000,000 Yuan (including 75 million USD) for technical reform was made from 1992 to 1996. 568 shuttle looms were imported for cotton spinning and weaving subsector. By doing so, the proportion of shuttleless looms reached 7% and that of non-knot yarn increased up to 6.5 % compared with 1.5 % before technical reform, thus increasing the entire processing level of Tianjin textile industry to a certain extent. During the period of the 9^th Five-Year plan, the textiles of the whole country were “supply is bigger than need”. Tianjin textile industry entered a difficult period and loss incurred n all subsectors. In response to the appeal of the State council, 236,000 backward cotton spinning spindles and 4,304 wool spinning spindles were cut of Tianjin textile industry were cut off from 1998 to 2000. 70,000 people were brought out of Tianjin textile industry in five years(from 1997 to 2001). In 2000 Tianjin textile industry developed a spirit of “4-integity”, turning loss into gain.
 
 

  2.2 By adjusting products structure, develop and foster a number of notable products characteristic of Tianjin textiles.

  2.4 Actively bring the reform adjustment into effect and try hard to create the new pattern of Tianjin textile industry.

   Since the Third Plenary Meeting of the Party’s Eleventh Conference, Tianjin textile industry has persisted in reform and being open to the outside,  further liberated thinking, opened up to make progress and positively promoted the reform and adjustment of tianjin textile industry. In particular, since the Party’s fourteenth conference, due to the requirement for socialist market economy and “3-Favourable” standard, it seized big one and let small one free in the form of unity, annexation, bankrupcy and stock cooperative system and broken the boundary line between subsectors and enterprises, so speeding up regrouping the enterprises and configurating assets in a optimized form. A number of enterprise groups and 80 multi-channel investment liability companies., Ltd were built up and the import and exprt industrial company., Ltd of Tianjin textile group founded, trying to make them become companies on market. And at the same time, in conbination of reform, transformation and regrouping, it has taken an active attitude to transform old enterprises. Jinying spinning company – a joint venture built up with English Total Group, Samsung wool spinning and weaving company., Ltd – another joint venture constructed with Korean Samsung Group have become very strong joint venture enterprises. Through a regrouping by cutting off spindles, the Holding Company tries to speed up the construction of 10 small zones for cotton spinning, wool spinning, silk, knitting, printing and dyeing subsectors, forming anew structure of Tianjin textile industry and entering the 21^st century with a new face.